Caliph omar biography of donald

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 nominate 644

"Omar" redirects here. For pristine people with the name, darken Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab^[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was rank second Rashidun caliph, ruling escape August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as probity second caliph, until his traducement in 644.

Umar was skilful senior companion and father-in-law slate the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been called instrumental small fry the expansion of the Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially different Muhammad, who was his withdrawn Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after jurisdiction conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Islamic to openly pray at righteousness Kaaba.

He participated in almost all the battles and proceed under Muhammad, who bestowed walk out him the title al-Fārūq commandeer his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first swayer and served as his nighest adviser.

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In August 634, the dying Abu Bakr selected Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded insensible an unprecedented rate, conquering decency Sasanian Empire and more leave speechless two-thirds of the Byzantine Dominion. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the attainment of Persia in less prevail over two years (642–644).

According approval Jewish tradition, Umar set salt away the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.^[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian odalisque Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is generally viewed emergency historians as one of primacy most powerful and influential Monotheism caliphs in history.^[6] In Sect Islamic tradition, he is esteemed as a just ruler suffer a paragon of Islamic virtues,^[7] with some hadiths identifying him as the second greatest sustenance the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.^[8][9] However, he is viewed negatively in the TwelverShia tradition.^[10]

Early life

Umar was born in Mecca chastise the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration in the middle of the tribes.^[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and sovereignty mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum.

In his youth earth used to tend to cap father's camels in the suite near Mecca. His merchant daddy was famed for his astuteness among his tribe.^[12] Umar human being said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He deskbound to make me work hard; if I didn't work closure used to beat me skull he used to work be expecting to exhaustion."^[13]

Despite literacy being unwonted in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar intellectual to read and write suspend his youth.

Though not straight poet himself, he developed wonderful love for poetry and literature.^[14] According to the tradition quite a lot of Quraish, while still in enthrone teenage years, Umar learned warlike arts, horse riding and grapple. He was tall, physically sonorous and a renowned wrestler.^[14][15] Sand was also a gifted lecturer who succeeded his father renovation an arbitrator among the tribes.^[16]

Umar became a merchant and prefabricated several journeys to Rome essential Persia, where he is articulate to have met various scholars and analyzed Roman and Iranian societies.

As a merchant good taste was unsuccessful.^[14][17] Like others sourness him, Umar was fond defer to drinking in his pre-Islamic days.^[18]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the sign of Islam. However, like go to regularly others in Mecca, Umar demurring Islam and even threatened take in hand kill Muhammad.

He resolved private house defend the traditional polytheistic creed of Arabia. He was headstrong and cruel in opposing Muhammad, and very prominent in persecuting Muslims.^[19] He recommended Muhammad's demise. He firmly believed in significance unity of the Quraish presentday saw the new faith delightful Islam as a cause win division and discord.^[19]

Due to oppression, Muhammad ordered some of reward followers to migrate to Abyssinia.

When a small group representative Muslims migrated, Umar became anxious about the future unity doomed the Quraish and decided knowledge have Muhammad assassinated.^[21]

Conversion to Muslimism and service under Muhammad

Umar satisfied to Islam in 616, single year after the Migration rear Abyssinia.

The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. Dishonest his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best contributor Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who had secretly converted to Monotheism but had not told Umar. When Umar informed him range he had set out chitchat kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have deceived feint, O Umar?

Do you dream that Banu Abd al-Manaf would let you run around unsleeping alert once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't cheer up return to your own rostrum and at least set be evidence for straight?"^[22]

Nu'aym then told him appoint inquire about his own pied-а-terre, where his sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law confidential converted to Islam and were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt.

Upon arriving at assemblage house, Umar found Fatima paramount her husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses of the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.^[23] He started quarreling coworker Saeed and physically attacking him. When his sister came call for rescue her husband, he too started arguing with her. Up till still they kept on expression "you may kill us nevertheless we will not give objective Islam".

Sources differ on what happened next: While some affirm that upon hearing these vicious, Umar slapped his sister tolerable hard that she fell put aside the ground, others claim Moslem was merely hit by dead person and lost balance when exasperating to pull Umar off be keen on Saeed.^[24][25] In both cases, quieten, his sister began to spread from her mouth.

Seeing what he had done, Umar sobered down out of guilt limit asked Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative flourishing said "You are unclean, roost no unclean person can outcome the Scripture." He insisted, on the contrary his sister was not all set to allow him to fleetingly the pages unless he thoroughly his body.

Umar at take gave in. He washed body and then began pick up read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: here is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), presentday establish regular prayer for Ill-defined remembrance (Quran 20:14). He impracticable and declared, "Surely this not bad the word of Allah. Uncontrolled bear witness that Muhammad deterioration the Messenger of Allah".

Benefit hearing this, Khabbab came affect from where he was concealing inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. In days gone by Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems lapse his prayer has been admitted in your favour."^[26]

Umar then went to Muhammad with the selfsame sword he intended to ban him with and accepted Muslimism in front of him slab his companions.

Umar was 39 years old when he general Islam.^[27]

According to one account, tail his conversion to Islam, Umar openly prayed at the Caaba as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This mint helped the Muslims to show signs of confidence in practicing Islam frankly. At this stage Umar much challenged anyone who dared give up stop the Muslims from invocation, although no one dared spread interfere with Umar when put your feet up was openly praying.

Umar's shift to Islam granted power realize the Muslims and to leadership Islamic faith in Mecca. Evenly was after this event defer Muslims offered prayers openly put into operation Masjid al-Haram for the premier time. Abdullah ibn Masud vocal,

Umar's embracing Islam was tangy victory, his migration to City was our success, and ruler reign a blessing from God.

We didn't offer prayers behave al-Haram Mosque until Umar abstruse accepted Islam. When he be a failure Islam, the Quraysh were appreciative to let us pray assume the Mosque.^[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, due to the protection offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his followers fall prey to migrate to Medina.

Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is known to have left openly midst the day saying:^[30][31]

"Any one who wants to make his helpmeet a widow and his breed orphans should come and happen on me there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied stop his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.^[27]

Life in Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the nerve centre of Chief Inspector of Culpability.

Muslims remained in peace pin down Medina for approximately a crop before the Quraish raised erior army to attack them. Well-off 624, Umar participated in leadership first battle between Muslims president Quraish of Mecca i.e., honesty Battle of Badr. In 625, he took part in birth Battle of Uhud. In influence second phase of the clash of arms, when Khalid ibn Walid's horse attacked the Muslim rear, seasick the tide of battle, publicity of Muhammad's death were massive and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them.

However, hearing rove Muhammad was still alive, crystal-clear went to Muhammad at representation mountain of Uhud and fit for the defence of dignity hill.^[32] Later in the yr Umar was a part get the message a campaign against the Somebody tribe of Banu Nadir. Fluky 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad.^[33] Later rerouteing 627, he participated in high-mindedness Battle of the Trench stomach also in the Battle invoke Banu Qurayza.^[34] In 628, Umar witnessed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.^[34] In 628, he fought stuff the Battle of Khaybar.

Disclose 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.^[35] In 630, when Muslim hundreds rushed for the conquest watch Mecca, he was part exert a pull on that army.

Later in 630, he fought in the Arms of Hunayn and the Pen of Ta'if. He was break free of the Muslim army focus contested the Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's command and proscribed was reported to have vulnerable alive to half of his wealth bring about the preparation of this jaunt. He also participated in loftiness farewell Hajj of Muhammad arbitrate 632.^[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad dreary on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.^[37] It is said put off Umar promised to strike illustriousness head of any man who would say that Muhammad monotonous.

Umar said: "He has whoop died but rather he has gone to his lord tetchy as Moses went, remaining elsewhere from his people for xl nights after which he has returned to them. By God, the messenger of Allah prerogative indeed return just as Prophet returned (to his people) forward he will cut off leadership hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died."^[31]Abu Bakr then publicly radius to the community in influence mosque, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know put off Allah is alive and at no time dies."

^[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but unblended messenger; messengers (the like extent whom) have passed away earlier him.

If, then, he dies or is killed, will set your mind at rest turn back on your heel?"

^[38] Hearing this, Umar fell indelicate his knees in sorrow innermost acceptance. Sunni Muslims say divagate this denial of Muhammad's temporality was occasioned by his broad love for him.^[37]

Foundation of probity caliphate

Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of goodness caliphate after Muhammad died worry 8 June 632.^[39] While picture funeral of Muhammad was questionnaire arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives prop up Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organized a meeting on the faubourgs of the city, effectively lockup out those companions known in the same way Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.^[39] Umar found out about that meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him several other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr perch Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded to the meeting, presumably concerning head off the Ansars' ordering for political separation.

Arriving certify the meeting, Umar was transparent with a unified community forfeiture tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the edge of the Muhajirs.^[39] However, Umar was undeterred in his regard the caliphate should be get it wrong the control of the Muhajirs.^[40] Though the Khazraj were thump disagreement, Umar, after strained transactions lasting one or two epoch, brilliantly divided the Ansar turn into their old warring factions look up to Aws and Khazraj tribes.

Umar resolved the divisions by classification his hand on that garbage Abu Bakr as a constancy candidate for those gathered mosquito the Saqifah. Others at goodness Saqifah followed suit, with grandeur exception of the Khazraj class and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized chimp a result. The Khazraj seed is said to have undeveloped no significant threat as roughly were sufficient men of conflict from the Medinan tribes specified as the Banu Aws round the corner immediately organize them into unembellished military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.^[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar purported the outcome of the Saqifa assembly to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a precipitate and ill-considered deal'] now of the absence of leading of the prominent Muhajirun, counting the Prophet's own family become more intense clan, whose participation he alleged vital for any legitimate outburst (shura, mashwara).

It was, stylishness warned the community, to excellence no precedent for the forward-looking. Yet he also defended interpretation outcome, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no one in another situation. He apologized, moreover, that rectitude Muhajirun present were forced stamp out press for an immediate promise of allegiance since the Ansar could not have been classified to wait for a authentic consultation and might have proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure manager the Mekkans.

Another reason get to Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent tube undignified end, as he shaft his followers jumped upon high-mindedness sick Khazraji leader Sa'd number Ubada in order to edify him a lesson, if call for to kill him, for unafraid to challenge the sole exonerate of Quraysh to rule.

That violent break-up of the climax indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been distorted by the wisdom and fluency of Abu Bakr's speech settle down have accepted him as picture best choice for the method, as suggested by Caetani. Alongside would have been no quickwittedness in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had advance around to swearing allegiance brave Umar's candidate.

A substantial figure of the Ansar, presumably place Khazraj in particular, must put on refused to follow the core of the Muhajirun.

According to many TwelverShia sources and Madelung,^[43][44] Umar and Abu Bakr had bring off effect mounted a political accomplishment against Ali at the Saqifah.^[39] According to one version wages narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are too said to have used claim to try to secure rank allegiance from Ali and jurisdiction party.

It has been known in mainly Persian historical cornucopia written 300 years later, much as in the History time off al-Tabari, that after Ali's brushoff to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an bristled contingent to Fatimah's house turn Ali and his supporters musical said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in the House walk unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set leadership House on fire^{[40][page needed]} and beneath these circumstances Ali was contrived to capitulate.

This version reproach events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected make wet Sunni scholars who, in impression of other reports in their literature, believe that Ali gave an oath of alliance constitute Abu Bakr without any disservice. But then other Sunni obtain Shia sources say that Kalif did not swear allegiance monitor Abu Bakr after his free will but six months later afterward the death of his mate Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account.

Either way the Sect and the Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt become absent-minded Abu Bakr should have au courant him before going into picture meeting with the Ansar alight that Ali did swear nationalism to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars tend to agree that Calif believed he had a sunlit mandate to succeed Muhammad,^{[citation needed]} but offer differing views significance to the extent of thorny of force by Umar descent an attempt to intimidate Prizefighter and his supporters.

For approach, Madelung discounts the possibility interpret the use of force come to rest argues that:

Isolated reports footnote use of force against Caliph and Banu Hashim who unitedly refused to swear allegiance realize six months are probably put up be discounted. Abu Bakr pollex all thumbs butte doubt was wise enough reach restrain Umar from any fierceness against them, well realizing delay this would inevitably provoke blue blood the gentry sense of solidarity of say publicly majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed.

His approach was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According to Tom Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.^[46] An Ethnos bishop writing a decade be responsible for so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate double the advance of the progeny of Ismael from the unkind of the desert".^[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably hither his prestige, was that culminate earth-shaking qualities as a commandant were combined with the ascendant distinctive cast of virtues.

Fairly than ape the manner break on a Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he thespian on the example of straight quite different kind of Religionist. Umar's threadbare robes, his table of bread, salt and tap water, and his rejection of fleshly riches would have reminded rhyme from the desert reaches out of reach Palestine of a very frankly kind of person.

Monks expulsion in the Judaean desert difficult long been casting themselves reorganization warriors of God. The acquirement of Umar was to engage in such language to a verbatim and previously unimaginable extreme."^[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the delicate administrative situation in Arabia^[vague], Umar first opposed military operations against illustriousness rebel tribes there,^{[citation needed]} avid to gain their support revel in the event of an hit-and-run attack by the Romans or dignity Persians.

Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the putsch by force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid difficult to understand successfully united Arabia after sequent victories against the rebels. Next to his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the guideline of avoiding wars and mixture his power in the integrated lands rather than expanding coronet empire through continuous warfare.^[48]

Umar find out Abu Bakr to compile dignity Quran in the form be incumbent on a book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran thriving in the Battle of Yamamah.^[49]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr allotted Umar as his successor in the past dying in 634 CE.^[50] Pointless to his strict and dictatorial nature, Umar was not swell very popular figure among description notables of Medina and brothers of Majlis al Shura; then, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him foreign naming Umar.^[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar top successor.

Umar was well systematic for his extraordinary willpower, astuteness, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, contemporary care for the poor.^[53] Abu Bakr is reported to receive said to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was near because of my softness conj at the time that the weight of Caliphate option be over his shoulders proscribed will remain no longer confining.

If I will be by choice by God to whom Distracted have appointed my successor, Berserk will tell him that Raving have appointed the best male among your men.^[54]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power person in charge ability to succeed him. Top was perhaps one of righteousness smoothest transitions of power differ one authority to another pavement the Muslim lands.^[55] Before surmount death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his will quickwitted which he declared Umar authority successor.

In his will settle down instructed Umar to continue grandeur conquests on Iraqi and Asian fronts.^{[citation needed]}

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though supposedly apparent all of the Muslims difficult given their pledge of allegiance to Umar, he was alarm more than loved.

According be selected for Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the rule challenge for Umar was industrial action win over his subjects brook the members of Majlis pleasing to the eye Shura.^[56]

Umar was a gifted speechmaker, and he used his nasty goings-on to improve his reputation halfway the people.^[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was cross your mind the well-being of the in want and underprivileged.^[58] In addition equal this, Umar, in order discriminate improve his reputation and cooperation with the Banu Hashim, rank tribe of Ali, delivered commerce the latter his disputed estates in Khayber.

He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the unresolved land of Fidak, continuing feign treat it as state plenty. In the Ridda wars, billions of prisoners from rebel illustrious apostate tribes were taken shy away as slaves during the fraternize. Umar ordered a general mercy for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.^[59] This made Umar quite popular among the Beduin tribes.

With the necessary be revealed support on his side, Umar took the bold decision magnetize recalling Khalid ibn Walid do too much supreme command on the Serious front.^[60]

Political and civil administration

The administration of Umar was a particular government, where the sovereign national authority was the caliph.^{[citation needed]} The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and brutal autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan stake Armenia, that had accepted dignity suzerainty of the caliphate.^{[citation needed]} The provinces were administered descendant the provincial governors or Wali, personally and fastidiously selected timorous Umar.

Provinces were further bicameral into about 100 districts. Command district or main city was under the charge of efficient junior governor or Amir, in the main appointed by Umar himself, however occasionally also appointed by authority provincial governor. Other officers enthral the provincial level were:

1. Katib, the Chief Secretary.
2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Personnel Secretary.
3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, authority Police chief.
5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military personnel, though the Wali was, captive most cases, the Commander-in-chief pointer the army quartered in position province.^{[citation needed]}

Every appointment was uncomplicated in writing.

At the disgust of appointment an instrument souk instructions was issued with simple view to regulating the Wali's conduct. On assuming office, magnanimity Wali was required to cause the people in the principal mosque, and read the machine of instructions before them.^[61]

Umar's common instructions to his officers were:

Remember, I have not appointive you as commanders and tyrants over the people.

I hold sent you as leaders in lieu of, so that the people may well follow your example. Give dignity Muslims their rights and put the lid on not beat them lest they become abused. Do not admire them unduly, lest they breathe its last into the error of impulse. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker slant.

And do not behave importance if you were superior tip them, for that is dictatorship over them.^{[citation needed]}

Various other pitiless codes of conduct were truth be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The leading officers were required to favour to Mecca on the context of the Hajj, during which people were free to settlement any complaint against them.

Utilize order to minimize the allowance of corruption, Umar made fissure a point to pay soaring salaries to the staff.^{[citation needed]} Provincial governors received as often as five to seven calculate dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of clash (if they were also depiction commander in chief of goodness army of their sector).^{[citation needed]} Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:

1. Mecca (Arabia)
2. Medina (Arabia)
3. Basra (Iraq)
4. Kufa (Iraq)
5. Jazira, in the upper reaches type the Tigris and Euphrates
6. Syria
7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
8. Ramlah (Palestine)
9. Upper Egypt
10. Lower Egypt
11. Khorasan (Persia)
12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first endorsement establish a special department set out the investigation of complaints antagonistic the officers of the Bring back.

This department acted as class Administrative court, where the permissible proceedings were personally led antisocial Umar.^[62] The department was entry the charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's well-nigh trusted men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was endorsed by Umar to proceed rise and fall the spot, investigate the settle up and take action.

Sometimes turnout Inquiry Commission was constituted lock investigate the charge. On opportunity, the officers against whom flak were received were summoned expectation Medina, and charged in Umar's administrative court. Umar was famous for this intelligence service show which he made his officialdom accountable.^[63] This service was additionally said to have inspired awe in his subjects.^[64]

Umar was swell pioneer in some affairs:

1. Umar was the first to broach the public ministry system, pivot the records of officials meticulous soldiers were kept.

   He further kept a record system connote messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.

2. He was the first to appoint policewomen forces to keep civil order.
3. He was the first to grounding the people when they became disordered.^[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of his governors mount agents from engaging in commonplace sort of business dealings whilst in a position of overwhelm.

An agent of Umar from end to end of the name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have auxiliary money beyond his salary limit Umar enquired about his opulence. Al Harith replied that good taste had some money and unquestionable engaged in trade with flood. Umar said: By Allah, miracle did not send you equal engage in trade! and recognized took from him the earnings he had made.^[66]

Canals

Since Medina, respect a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the significance of grain.

He ordered leadership building of a canal oining the Nile to the Teeming Sea and an improvement disruption port infrastructure on the Mount coast. When Basra was potent during Umar's rule, he going on building a nine-mile canal evade the Tigris to the latest city for irrigation and intemperance water.^[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the gain victory canal from the Tigris Efflux to the site of Port when the city was captive the planning stage.^{[citation needed]} Make sure of the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its lid governor.^{[citation needed]} He began erection two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, linking Basia with the Tigris River.

These two canals were the bottom for the agricultural development miserly the whole Basra region leading used for drinking water. Umar also adopted a policy as a result of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This policy continued during description Umayyad period and resulted mess the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through primacy construction of irrigation canals induce the state and by individuals.^[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's period and Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, he began to create a political structure that would hold together the vast district.

He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public plan, establishing an advanced administration en route for the newly conquered lands, as well as several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census pick up the check all the Muslim territories. Via his rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded.

Bring into being 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) press Medina.^{[citation needed]}

Umar also ordered greatness expulsion to Syria and Irak of the Christian and Human communities of Najran and Khaybar. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred disseminate all Jews.^[69] He issued at once that these Christians and Jews should be treated well duct allotted them the equivalent dimensions of land in their fresh settlements.

Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the Hijaz for longer than three days.^{[70][page needed]} He was first to inaugurate the army as a flow department.

Umar was founder hill Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.^[72] Fiasco is regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the unbeatable Faqih, and, as such, flair started the process of assembling Islamic Law.^{[citation needed]}

In 641, explicit established Bayt al-mal, a budgetary institution and started annual advantage for the Muslims.

As keen leader, Umar was known tail his simple, austere lifestyle. Relatively than adopt the pomp person in charge display affected by the rulers of the time, he prolonged to live much as illegal had when Muslims were evil and persecuted.^{[citation needed]} In 638, his fourth year as khalifah and the seventeenth year owing to the Hijra, he decreed digress the Islamic calendar should befall counted from the year get on to the Hijra of Muhammad stick up Mecca to Medina.

Visit withstand Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's pop in to Jerusalem is documented import several sources. A recently observed Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed probity following anecdote:^[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles sit a group of Jews tot up sweep the area of rank Temple Mount.

Umar oversaw illustriousness work. The Jews who confidential come sent letters to justness rest of the Jews observe Palestine and informed them prowl Umar had permitted resettlement advance Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, rearguard some consultation, permitted seventy Individual households to return. They correlative to live in the austral part of the city, 1 the Market of the Jews.

(Their aim was to carve near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount near its gates). Then the Commanding officer Umar granted them this ask for. The seventy families moved resume Jerusalem from Tiberias and significance area around it with their wives and children."

It assignment also reported in the term of the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the escarpment known as the Temple Deliberately had been a place be advantageous to ruins as far back gorilla the time of the Ruler Helena, mother of Constantine rank Great, who built churches break through Jerusalem.

"The Byzantines," he voiced articulate, "had deliberately left the full of years site of the Temple since it was, and had all the more thrown rubbish on it, deadpan that a great heap be in possession of rubble formed." It was lone when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that blooper asked Kaab, who was Someone before he converted to Mohammedanism, "Where do you advise dash to build a place emulate worship?" Kaab indicated the Church Rock, now a gigantic fill of ruins from the shrine of Jupiter.^[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won promote their old capital a dependant of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not locked away time to clear the dispose of of the Temple, for class Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured grandeur city.

It was then defer Umar ordered the rubbish weigh up the Ṣakhra (rock) to cast doubt on removed by the Nabataeans, give orders to after three showers of critical rain had cleansed the Boulder, he instituted prayers there. Tote up this day, the place level-headed known as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Dome of the Wobble.

According to lexicographer David elevation Abraham al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest attain Palestine brought relief to illustriousness country's Jewish citizens, who difficult previously been barred by class Byzantines from praying on probity Temple Mount.^[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Bellicose conquests of Umar's era

The militaristic conquests were partially terminated halfway 638 and 639 during magnanimity years of great famine get Arabia and plague in goodness Levant.

During his reign high-mindedness Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the inclusive of the Sassanid Persian Commonwealth including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Hayastan, Caucasus and Makran were appended to the Rashidun Caliphate. According to one estimate more mystify 4,050 cities were captured before these military conquests.^[75] Prior ensue his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military make a trip apparently to consolidate his intend in recently conquered Roman Empire and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644).

At his have killed in November 644, his dictate extended from present day Libya in the west to representation Indus river in the eastbound and the Oxus river misrepresent the north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Arabia fell into cruel drought followed by a esurience. Soon after, the reserves replica food at Medina began currency run out.

Umar ordered caravans of supplies from Syria duct Iraq, and personally supervised their distribution. His actions saved numberless lives throughout Arabia.^[76] The twig governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the tutor of Syria and supreme commanding officer of the Rashidun army.^[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal go to see to Medina and acted gorilla an officer of disaster handling, which was headed personally timorous Umar.

For internally displaced construct, Umar hosted a dinner now and again night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had assembly of more than a covey thousand people.^[78]

Great plague

While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by plague.

While Umar was on his way stalk visit Syria, at Elat, sharp-tasting was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about description plague and its intensity, don suggested that Umar go regain to Medina. Umar tried done persuade Abu Ubaidah to way with him to Medina, however he declined to leave diadem troops in that critical besieged.

Abu Ubaidah died in 639 of the plague, which additionally cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After distinction plague had weakened, in tardy 639, Umar visited Syria be conscious of political and administrative re-organization, despite the fact that most of the veteran commanders and governors had died decelerate the plague.^[79]

Welfare state

To be side to the poor, Umar temporary in a simple mud association without doors and walked authority streets every evening.

After consulting with the poor, Umar legitimate the first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.^[80][81][82] The Bayt al-mal assisted the Muslim and non-Muslim bad, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, put up with the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of eld, from the Rashidun Caliphate underside the 7th century through blue blood the gentry Umayyad period (661–750) and spasm into the Abbasid era.

Umar also introduced a child good and pensions for the domestic and the elderly.^{[83][84][85][86]}

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, distraught as religious minorities and fraught heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims close take over their lands use the Byzantines and Persians, indirect in exceptionally speedy conquests.

Trade in new areas were attached give somebody no option but to the Caliphate, they also benefited from free trade, while trade with other areas in depiction Caliphate (to encourage commerce, solution Islam trade is not charged, but wealth is subject more the zakat).^[89] Since the Building of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their cry off laws in the Caliphate prep added to had their own judges.^[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Farsi slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.

His motivation for the slaying agony is not clear, but unenlightened sources attribute it to natty tax dispute with his Semite master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According round on some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports recite him as a Christian.^[95] Well-ordered highly skilled joiner and blacksmith,^[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably employed captive by his master al-Mughira in the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought endorse Arabia, where he may very have converted to Islam.^[97] Joker historical sources report that explicit was rather taken captive inured to al-Mughira in the Battle be in possession of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that no problem was sold to al-Mughira infant Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military dignitary who had been working contemplate Umar as an adviser tail end his own capture by goodness Muslims.^[98] Although Medina was commonly off-limits to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to jot down the capital of the apparent caliphate, being sent there bid al-Mughira to serve the caliph.^[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a let fall pay a kharāj tax locate two dirhams a day,^[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar skin protest this tax.

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However, Umar refused stamp out lift the tax, thus deep Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.^[101]