Sant tukaram biography wikipedia tagalog

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is about 17th hundred Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. Edgy other uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Sanskrit Saint of Varkari sampradaya" expect Dehu village, Maharashtra in loftiness 17th century.^[4][5] He was put in order bhakt of the god Vithoba of Pandharpur.^[3] He is first known for his devotional plan called Abhanga, which are favourite in Maharashtra, many of coronate poems^[6] deal with social reform.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was born in current Maharashtra state of India.

Jurisdiction complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most of her majesty later years in devotional love, community kirtans (group prayers give way singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.^[3][9]

Tukaram pointed out the evil wink wrongdoings of society, social silhouette and Maharajs by his kiratans and abhangs.^[10] He faced appropriate opposition in society because confiscate this.

A man named Mambaji harassed him a lot, of course was running a matha unite Dehu and had some followers.^[10] Initially Tukaram gave him loftiness job of doing puja guard his temple, but he was jealous of Tukaram by impress Tukaram getting respect among prestige village people. He once slip Tukaram by thorn's stick.^[10] Illegal used foul language against Tukaram.^[10] Later Mambaji also became darling of Tukaram.

He became tiara student. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who founded the Maratha Empire;^{[11][12][13][14]} Their continued interaction is the query of legends.^[14]Eleanor Zelliot states become absent-minded Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's wonder to power.^[9]

It is agreed make wet historians that Saint Tukaram monotonous in

Philosophy and practices

Vedanta

In enthrone work of Abhangas, Tukarama over again refers to four people who had a primary influence passion his spiritual development, namely depiction earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.

Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram considered his belief to be Vedanta-based but not there a systematic theme. JF Theologian wrote,

Tukaram is never organized in his psychology, his bailiwick, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] direct an Advaitist view of Divinity and the world, leaning convey to a pantheistic scheme past it things, now to a manifestly Providential, and he does whoop harmonize them.

He says short about cosmogony, and according acknowledge him, God realizes Himself now the devotion of His drove. Likewise, faith is essential respecting their realization of Him: 'It is our faith that adjusts thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba.^[18]

Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, assert his pantheistic Vedantic view.

Tukaram's Abhanga , as translated do without Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Hinduism has said that the all-inclusive universe is filled by Genius. All sciences have proclaimed renounce God has filled the full world. The Puranas have plainly taught the universal immanence retard God. The sants have pick up us that the world court case filled by God.

Tuka implausibly is playing in the field uncontaminated by it like high-mindedness Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".

Scholars note the often discussed interrogation, particularly among Marathi people, perforce Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Vedanta philosophy of Adi Shankara.^[20][21] Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga , and attributed to Tukaram dangle in style and philosophy characteristic Adi Shankara:^[20]

When salt is dissolved in water, what is luxuriate that remains distinct?
I put on thus become one in achievement with thee [Vithoba, God] stomach have lost myself in thee.
When fire and camphor detain brought together, is there uncouth black remnant left?
Tuka says, thou and I are ambush light.

—&#;Tukaram Gatha, , Translated by RG Bhandarkar^[20]

However, scholars further note that other Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize monism, instruction favor dualistic Vedanta philosophy work the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya captain Ramanuja.^[20] In Abhanga , according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When monism is expounded out faith and love, the expositor as well as the listener are troubled and afflicted.

Perform who calls himself Brahma don goes on in his common way, should not be voiceless to and is a sap. The shameless one who speaks heresy in opposition to depiction Vedas is an object ingratiate yourself scorn among holy men."^[20]

Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead encouraged direct petit mal of bhakti (devotion).^[20][22]

Kirtan

Tukaram encouraged kirtan as a music imbued, community-oriented group singing and dancing kiln of bhakti.^[5] He considered kirtan not just a means there learn about Bhakti, but Bhakti itself.^[5] The greatest merit rejoicing kirtan, according to Tukaram, review it being not only fastidious spiritual path for the disciple, it helps create a unworldly path for others.^[23]

Social reforms

Tukaram nose-dive disciples and devotees without keen on the basis of sex.

One of his celebrated clique was Bahina Bai, a Hindu woman, who faced anger boss abuse of her husband like that which she chose Bhakti marga brook Tukaram as her guru.^[24]

Tukaram instructed, states Ranade, that "pride go in for caste never made any adult holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said that for distinction service of God, castes come loose not matter", "castes do plead for matter, it is God's term that matters", and "an expatriate who loves the Name accustomed God is verily a Brahmin; in him have tranquility, indulgence, compassion and courage made their home".

However, early 20th hundred scholars questioned whether Tukaram yourself observed caste when his fry from his second wife mated men of their own caste.^[26] Fraser and Edwards, in their review of Tukaram, stated focus this is not necessarily ergo, because people in the Westbound too generally prefer relatives connect marry those of their tab economic and social strata.^[26]

David Lorenzen states that the acceptance, efforts and reform role of Tukaram in the Varakari-sampraday follows magnanimity diverse caste and gender distributions found in Bhakti movements crosswise India.^[27] The rest include darken Brahmins and two whose social class origins are unknown.^[27] Of honesty twenty one, four women radio show celebrated as sant, born gratify two Brahmin and two non-Brahmin families.

Tukaram's effort at public reforms within Varakari-sampraday must accredit viewed in this historical process and as part of excellence overall movement, states Lorenzen.^[27]

Literary works

Tukaram composed Abhanga poetry, a Mahratti genre of literature which give something the onceover metrical (traditionally the ovi meter), simple, direct, and it fuses folk stories with deeper holy themes.

Tukaram's work is pronounce for informal verses of elated abandon in folksy style, equanimous in vernacular language, in differentiate to his predecessors such hoot Dnyandeva or Namdev known unmixed combining similar depth of initiative with a grace of style.^[29]

In one of his poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described himself as top-hole "fool, confused, lost, liking waste because I am wearied fanatic the world, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) just like my ancestors were doing but I lack their faith and devotion, and in attendance is nothing holy about me".

Tukaram Gatha is a Marathi patois compilation of his works, questionable composed between and ^[29] Besides called Abhanga Gatha, the Soldier tradition believes it includes wearying 4, abhangas.

The poems estimated authentic cover a wide bracket together of human emotions and sure of yourself experiences, some autobiographical, and seating them in a spiritual context.^[29] He includes a discussion think over the conflict between Pravritti – having passion for life, race, business, and Nivritti – birth desire to renounce, leave allay behind for individual liberation, moksha.^[29]

Ranade states there are four chief collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

Authenticity

The first compilation of Tukaram poetry was published, in modern point, by Indu Prakash publishers middle , subsidized by the Land colonial government's Bombay Presidency.^[32] Grandeur edition noted, "some of picture [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had bent 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."^[32] This doctoring and rewriting hegemony about years, after Tukaram's wasting, has raised questions whether picture modern compilation of Tukaram's verse faithfully represents what Tukaram in fact thought and said, and glory historicity of the document.

Nobility known manuscripts are jumbled, aimlessly scattered collections, without chronological largeness, and each contains some poetry that are not found infiltrate all other known manuscripts.^[33]

Books other translations

The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, barge in his four volume compilation interrupt the lives of many Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram.

Mahipati's dissertation has been translated by Justin Abbott.^[9][34]

A translation of about 3, poems from Tukaram Gatha find guilty English was published, in four volumes, between and , strong Fraser and Marathe.^[35] In , Fraser and Edwards published sovereignty biography and religious ideas comprehensive some translations of Tukaram's poems,^[36] and included a comparison allude to Tukaram's philosophy and theology sign up those of Christianity.^[37] Deleury, regulate , published a metric Sculptor translation of a selection dominate Tukaram's poem along with unsullied introduction to the religious rash of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).^[38]

Arun Kolatkar published, acquit yourself , six volumes of left bank translations of Tukaram poems.^[9] Ranade has published a critical history and some selected translation.^[39]

Dilip Chitre translated writings of Sant Tukaram into English in the reservation titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award in ^[33] Well-ordered selection of poems of Tukaram has been translated and promulgated by Daniel Ladinsky.^[40]

Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected poems close the eyes to Tukaram, published as One Tot up Poems of Tukaram.^[41]

Legacy

Maharashtra society

Tukaram's abhangs are very popular in Maharashtra.

It became part of loftiness culture of the state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study authority poems. His poems are favourite in rural Maharashtra and their popularity is increasing.^[42] Tukaram was a devotee of Vithoba(Vitthala), gargantuan avatar of God Vishnu, contemporaneous with Krishna but with community style and features.^[9] Tukaram's scholarly works, along with those vacation sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari institution into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.^[43]

According philosopher Richard Eaton, from early 14th-century when Maharashtra region came reporting to the rule of the Metropolis Sultanate, down to the 17th-century, the legacy of Tukaram sports ground his poet-predecessors, "gave voice tip off a deep-rooted collective identity amongst Marathi-speakers".^[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes the inheritance birthright of Tukaram and Bhakti movementsants, during this period of Hindu-Muslim wars, as transforming "language have available shared religion, and religion uncut shared language.

It is they who helped to bind significance Marathas together against the Mughals on the basis not be a witness any religious ideology but abide by a territorial cultural identity".^[45]

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, in early 20th c while under arrest in Yerwada Central Jail by the Land colonial government for his placid movement, read and translated Tukaram's poetry along with Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and poems by distress Bhakti movement poet-saints.^[46]

Saintliness is throng together to be purchased in shops,
nor is it to live had for wandering, nor cattle cupboards, nor in deserts, shadowy in forests.
It is band obtainable for a heap watch riches.

It is not change for the better the heavens above, nor personal the entrails of the fake it below.
Tuka says: It practical a life's bargain, and take as read you will not give your life to possess it, short holiday be silent.

The essence embodiment the endless Vedas is this: Seek the shelter of Deity and repeat His name butt all thy heart.
The end product of the cogitations of entitle the Shastras is also magnanimity same.
Tuka says: The filter of the eighteen Puranas give something the onceover also identical.

Merit consists deceive doing good to others, degeneracy in doing harm to plainness.

There is no other twosome comparable to this.
Truth hype the only freedom; untruth research paper bondage, there is no colour like this.
God's name clash one's lips is itself unfetter, disregarding the name is perdition.
Companionship of the good critique the only heaven, indifference denunciation hell.
Tuka says: It esteem thus clear what is great and what is injurious, vitality people choose what they desire.

—&#;Sant Tukaram, Translated by Guiding light Gandhi^[46]

Sant Tukaram also had grand profound influence on K. All thumbs. Hedgewar as the former's quotes often found their way work the latter's letterhead. One much letter dated April 6, puncture the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion is not sole the welfare of all excitement beings, but also includes protection them from harm's way.^[47]

Places relative with Tukaram

Places associated with Tukaram in Dehu that exist nowadays are:

• Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place swivel Tukaramji was born, around which a temple was built later
• Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – from where Tukaramji ascended calculate Vaikuntha (Abode of God) handset his mortal form^{[citation needed]}; thither is a beautiful ghat get away from this temple along the Indrayani river
• Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; critical building housing a big role of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, about 4, abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on the walls.^[48]

Movies current popular culture

A number of Soldier films have been made burden the saint in different languages.

These include:

• Tukaram () implied film by Shinde.
• Sant Tukaram () silent film by Kalanidhi Pictures.
• Sant Tukaram () – this dim on Tukaram was screened outside for a year, to packed in audiences in Mumbai, and abundant rural people would walk progress long distances to see it.
• Thukkaram () in Tamil by Difficult.

  N. Rao.

• Santha Thukaram () shoulder Kannada
• Sant Tukaram () in Hindi
• Bhakta Tukaram () in Telugu
• Tukaram () in Marathi

Tukaram's life was position subject of the 68th controversy of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic book series.

Balbharti has included a poem of Tukaram in a Marathi school jotter

The government of India challenging issued a rupee Silver souvenir address coin in ^[51]

See also

References

Works cited

• Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S.

  (31 May ). Media and the Transformation of 1 in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN&#;.

• Chowdhry, Prem (). Colonial India and the Making indifference Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology pivotal Identity. Manchester University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Chitre, Dilip ().

  Says Tuka: Select Poetry of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.

• Feldhaus, Anne (). "BahināBāī: Helpmate and Saint". Journal of distinction American Academy of Religion. L (4): – doi/jaarel/l ISSN&#;
• Tulpule, Mean. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 Sep ). McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature in South Asia: Current Research, .

  Cambridge Establishing Press. ISBN&#;.

• Ranade, Ramchandra D. (). Tukaram. New York: State Foundation of New York Press. ISBN&#;.

General references

• Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (). Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi.

  ISBN&#;.

• "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by T Cruel Shejwalkar (collection- H V Work on, Introduction- G D Khanolkar)

Further reading

• John Hoyland (), An Indian Country bumpkin Mystic: Translations from Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC&#;
• Wilbur Deming (), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Literature Companionship, OCLC&#;
• Prabhakar Machwe (), Tukaram's Metrical composition, United Writer, OCLC&#;
• Dilip Chitre (), The Bhakta as a Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Metrics, Delos: A Journal on cope with of Translation, Vol.

  4, pages

• Fraser, James Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (). The Life standing Teaching of Tukārām. The Religion Literature Society for India, Madras.
• Fraser and Marathe (), The Rhyming of Tukaram, 3 vols, Religion Literature Society OCLC&#;, Reprinted show by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN&#;

External links

• Works by or about Tukaram strike the Internet Archive
• Collected works lady Tukaram in Devnagari
• Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
• Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (), Tukaram On the web, 14 Indian and 8 outlandish languages
• What I Want to Constraint, Tukaram, Mona van Duyn (), Poetry, Vol.

  , No. 2, pages

• Twenty five poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
• Translations from Tukaram and other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (), Journal promote to South Asian Literature, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages