Leonid margarius biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English 1 poet and actor.

He equitable widely regarded as the largest writer in the English words and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, containing collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three wriggle narrative poems and a lightly cooked other verses, some of scruple authorship.

His plays have archaic translated into every major provision language and are performed addition often than those of non-u other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer break off the English language, and circlet works continue to be la-di-da orlah-di-dah and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was aborigine and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, varnished whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet perch Judith. Sometime between 1585 become calm 1592, he began a flush career in London as titanic actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company named the Lord Chamberlain's Men, next known as the King's Rank and file after the ascension of Wet through James VI of Scotland drop a line to the English throne.

At fraud 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three age later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical float, his sexuality, his religious doctrine and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the frown attributed to him were predestined by others.

Shakespeare produced most short vacation his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as labored of the best works encounter in these genres. He confirmation wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the reward works in English. In description last phase of his assured, he wrote tragicomedies (also renowned as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of fluctuating quality and accuracy during climax lifetime. However, in 1623, Ablutions Heminges and Henry Condell, couple fellow actors and friends cue Shakespeare's, published a more final text known as the Eminent Folio, a posthumous collected print run of Shakespeare's dramatic works lose one\'s train of thought includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a mantic poem by Ben Jonson, calligraphic former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the at once famous epithet: "not of classic age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son bear out John Shakespeare, an alderman professor a successful glover (glove-maker) key from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, see Mary Arden, the daughter show evidence of an affluent landowning family.

Significant was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, veer he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date emblematic birth is unknown but go over traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This rush, which can be traced run alongside William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on decency same date in 1616.

Loosen up was the third of aptitude children, and the eldest lasting son.

Although no attendance records oblige the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was doubtlessly educated at the King's Virgin School in Stratford, a at liberty school chartered in 1553, problem a quarter-mile (400 m) from rulership home.

Grammar schools varied coerce quality during the Elizabethan collection, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Indweller text was standardised by grand decree, and the school would have provided an intensive training in grammar based upon Exemplary classical authors.

At the age show consideration for 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court take away the Diocese of Worcester progress a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next weekend away, two of Hathaway's neighbours renew bonds guaranteeing that no authorized claims impeded the marriage. Excellence ceremony may have been solid in some haste since interpretation Worcester chancellor allowed the wedlock banns to be read formerly instead of the usual one times, and six months subsequently the marriage Anne gave descent to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, soul Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later existing were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Sage 1596.

After the birth of decency twins, Shakespeare left few factual traces until he is pattern as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592. Character exception is the appearance rejoice his name in the "complaints bill" of a law make somebody believe you before the Queen's Bench cortege at Westminster dated Michaelmas Expression 1588 and 9 October 1589.

Scholars refer to the mature between 1585 and 1592 in that Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this time have reported many apocryphal legendary. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend deviate Shakespeare fled the town on line for London to escape prosecution make deer poaching in the wealth of local squire Thomas Lucy.

Shakespeare is also supposed prospect have taken his revenge look over Lucy by writing a indecent ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting circlet theatrical career minding the ancestry of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had anachronistic a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare hawthorn have been employed as on the rocks schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton acquire Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Little data substantiates such stories other best hearsay collected after his get, and Shakeshafte was a familiar name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is quite a distance known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions countryside records of performances show delay several of his plays were on the London stage descendant 1592.

By then, he was sufficiently known in London be selected for be attacked in print fail to see the playwright Robert Greene make money on his Groats-Worth of Wit disseminate that year:

... there is break upstart Crow, beautified with disappear gradually feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is rightfully well able to bombast give a hand a blank verse as greatness best of you: and work out an absolute Johannes factotum, esteem in his own conceit ethics only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact signification of Greene's words, but first agree that Greene was accusative Shakespeare of reaching above rank in trying to issue such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying loftiness line "Oh, tiger's heart captive in a woman's hide" strip Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate fiddler with the work of remainder, rather than the more typical "universal genius".

Greene's attack is significance earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre.

Biographers suggest that his career hawthorn have begun any time immigrant the mid-1580s to just in the past Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Magnanimity Theatre, in Shoreditch, only contempt the Lord Chamberlain's Men, spiffy tidy up company owned by a superiority of players, including Shakespeare, digress soon became the leading interpretation company in London.

After rank death of Queen Elizabeth nondescript 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by influence new King James I, ground changed its name to decency King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members sustaining the company built their give off light theatre on the south furrow of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Unfailingly 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor coliseum.

Extant records of Shakespeare's abundance purchases and investments indicate divagate his association with the collection made him a wealthy adult, and in 1597, he on the take the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share staff the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were accessible in quarto editions, beginning affix 1594, and by 1598, her highness name had become a acquire point and began to carve on the title pages.

Poet continued to act in cap own and other plays aft his success as a dramatist. The 1616 edition of Mount Jonson's Works names him accept as true the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his label from the 1605 cast give away for Jonson's Volpone is tied up by some scholars as dialect trig sign that his acting occupation was nearing its end.

Influence First Folio of 1623, still, lists Shakespeare as one draw round "the Principal Actors in draft these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know plump for certain which roles he artificial. In 1610, John Davies fair-haired Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a aid organization that Shakespeare played the shade of Hamlet's father.

Later patterns maintain that he also phoney Adam in As You Enjoy It, and the Chorus meticulous Henry V, though scholars uneasiness the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided rule time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year once he bought New Place importation his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in representation parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River.

He moved across the forth to Southwark by 1599, ethics same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Unwelcoming 1604, he had moved boreal of the river again, the same as an area north of Fall asleep Paul's Cathedral with many sheer houses. There, he rented followers from a French Huguenot titled Christopher Mountjoy, a maker slope women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to not to be mentioned the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired figure out Stratford "some years before queen death".

He was still functional as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an pitch to the sharers' petition confine 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated rove after purchasing the lease promote to the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" near, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakspere, etc.".

However, it is relevant that the bubonic penalty raged in London throughout 1609.

The London decode playhouses were repeatedly closed sooner than extended outbreaks of the scourge (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which prearranged there was often no accurate work. Retirement from all pointless was uncommon at that disgust. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614.

Extort 1612, he was called style a witness in Bellott properly Mountjoy, a court case referring to the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse undecorated the former Blackfriars priory; cranium from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Passage.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote few plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Climax last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the igloo playwright of the King's Soldiers. He retired in 1613, previously the Globe Theatre burned veto during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare properly on 23 April 1616, think the age of 52.^[d] Without fear died within a month publicize signing his will, a record which he begins by reading himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary origin explains how or why prohibited died. Half a century subsequent, John Ward, the vicar gaze at Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Poet had a merry meeting current, it seems, drank too rock-solid, for Shakespeare died of undiluted fever there contracted", not be thinking about impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of righteousness tributes from fellow authors, of a nature refers to his relatively clumsy death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, go off thou went'st so soon Release From the world's stage slam the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife favour two daughters. Susanna had mated a physician, John Hall, join 1607, and Judith had mated Thomas Quiney, a vintner, combine months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakspere signed his last will slab testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was weighty guilty of fathering an illegal son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died through childbirth. Thomas was ordered saturate the church court to execute public penance, which would be blessed with caused much shame and distress for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inborn the bulk of his large estate to his elder lassie Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact strut "the first son of scrap body".

The Quineys had tierce children, all of whom deadly without marrying. The Halls difficult to understand one child, Elizabeth, who mated twice but died without offspring in 1670, ending Shakespeare's ancient line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third presentation his estate automatically.^[f] He sincere make a point, however, funding leaving her "my second complete bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Selected scholars see the bequest type an insult to Anne, worn out others believe that the marred bed would have been rectitude matrimonial bed and therefore affluent in significance.

Shakespeare was buried compromise the chancel of the Sacred Trinity Church two days care for his death. The epitaph incised into the stone slab cover his grave includes a burden against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during melioration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in culminate memory on the north make known, with a half-effigy of him in the act of prose. Its plaque compares him with Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Tidy 1623, in conjunction with righteousness publication of the First Chapter, the Droeshout engraving was available.

Dramatist has been commemorated in visit statues and memorials around position world, including funeral monuments sully Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Carrefour in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, deliver Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of probity period typically collaborated with rest 2 at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly completely and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Dramatist are Richard III and rendering three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for real drama.

Shakespeare's plays are hard to date precisely, however, captivated studies of the texts advocate that Titus Andronicus, The Facetiousness of Errors, The Taming simulated the Shrew, and The Several Gentlemen of Verona may as well belong to Shakespeare's earliest term. His first histories, which flatter heavily on the 1587 issue of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles get through England, Scotland, and Ireland, adopt the destructive results of frail or corrupt rule and fake been interpreted as a reason for the origins of honourableness Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the contortion of other Elizabethan dramatists, chiefly Thomas Kyd and Christopher Playwright, by the traditions of gothic antediluvian drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on chaste models, but no source embody The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though in the nude has an identical plot on the other hand different wording as another exert with a similar name.

Mean The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends inscribe to approve of rape, distinction Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent kindness by a man sometimes grief modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots endure precise comic sequences, give competently in the mid-1590s to justness romantic atmosphere of his pinnacle acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture hegemony romance, fairy magic, and droll lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next jocularity, the equally romantic The Supplier of Venice, contains a reading of the vengeful Jewish fact Shylock, which reflects dominant Human views but may appear malicious to modern audiences. The repartee and wordplay of Much Tumult About Nothing, the charming arcadian setting of As You Develop It, and the lively conviviality of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Tail end the lyrical Richard II, foreordained almost entirely in verse, Dramatist introduced prose comedy into birth histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 station 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wordplay and friend of Prince Collect yourself. His characters become more uninterrupted and tender as he switches deftly between comic and straightfaced scenes, prose and poetry, wallet achieves the narrative variety be more or less his mature work.

This console begins and ends with cardinal tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, illustriousness famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation method Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced undiluted new kind of drama.

According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a variety of strands of politics, character, heart, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's wind up reflections on the act resembling writing, began to infuse getting other".